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© MMIII - MMXI Kirk P. Williams www.weplan.com Home page Visitors since July 2006	Arabic Numeral / Roman Numeral Date Conversion Chart *for the 19th & 20th Centuries*
The Simple Principle Roman numerals are mathematically converted to Arabic numerals simply through the assignment of an Arabic numerical value to each letter and calculating a total. Example M=1000 \| D=500 \| C=100 \| L=50 \| X=10 \| V=5 \| I=1 The letters (roman numerals) are arranged from left to right with each letter decreasing in value as you go "down the line." The totals are derived through adding the numerical equivalent of all the letters. Therefore . . . MDCLXVI = 1000 + 500 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 1666. Generally The above eample does not give a full representation of present day convention. The current rules regarding the use of Roman numerals have been employed only in relatively recent times. It appears that the principle of "subtraction" has always been used, but in earlier periods of history, the use of subtraction was an alternative to the more simplistic use addition. Today, the convention is to use the largest possible numeral within a sequence. Therefore, 15 is XV and not VVV or XIIIII. Although Roman numerals generally read from left to right in descending order, this leads to some extremely long sequences! (99 would be LXXXXVIIII.) Be aware . . . only I, X, and C can be used this way. V, L, and D cannot. And, M cannot because it is the largest Roman numeral available! Also, only a single smaller number can be placed to the left of a larger number. 18 cannot be written XIIX as it would be ambiguous and could be interpreted as 11 + 9 = 20 instead of 10 - 2 + 10 = 18. The subtracted number can be no less than a 10th of the value of the number from which it is being subtracted. So, an X can be placed to the left of a C or an L but not to the left of an M or a D. Each power of ten is dealt with separately. So, 49 is XLIX and not IL Microsoft Excel® provides a function to reflect numbers in Roman numeral format. In order to display Roman numerals, type "=ROMAN(n)" where "n" is your Arabic numeral. To convert Arabic numbers into Roman numerals, type (in a blank cell) "=ARABIC(A1)" where the "A1" references the cell containing the Arabic numeral you wish to convert. [Thanks to Carl Turney in New Zealand for his "heads up" correction regarding converting Roman to Arabic: the correct Excel® function is: =ARABIC(a1). This replaces the previous typo listing it as "ROMAN(A1).]	19th Century 1801 = MDCCCI 1802 = MDCCCII 1803 = MDCCCIII 1804 = MDCCCIV 1805 = MDCCCV 1806 = MDCCCVI 1807 = MDCCCVII 1808 = MDCCCVIII 1809 = MDCCCIX 1810 = MDCCCX 1811 = MDCCCXI 1812 = MDCCCXII 1813 = MDCCCXIII 1814 = MDCCCXIV 1815 = MDCCCXV 1816 = MDCCCXVI 1817 = MDCCCXVII 1818 = MDCCCXVIII 1819 = MDCCCXIX 1820 = MDCCCXX 1821 = MDCCCXXI 1822 = MDCCCXXII 1823 = MDCCCXXIII 1824 = MDCCCXXIV 1825 = MDCCCXXV 1826 = MDCCCXXVI 1827 = MDCCCXXVII 1828 = MDCCCXXVIII 1829 = MDCCCXXIX 1830 = MDCCCXXX 1831 = MDCCCXXXI 1832 = MDCCCXXXII 1833 = MDCCCXXXIII 1834 = MDCCCXXXIV 1835 = MDCCCXXXV 1836 = MDCCCXXXVI 1837 = MDCCCXXXVII 1838 = MDCCCXXXVIII 1839 = MDCCCXXXIX 1840 = MDCCCXL 1841 = MDCCCXLI 1842 = MDCCCXLII 1843 = MDCCCXLIII 1844 = MDCCCXLIV 1845 = MDCCCXLV 1846 = MDCCCXLVI 1847 = MDCCCXLVII 1848 = MDCCCXLVIII 1849 = MDCCCXLIX 1850 = MDCCCL 1851 = MDCCCLI 1852 = MDCCCLII 1853 = MDCCCLIII 1854 = MDCCCLIV 1855 = MDCCCLV 1856 = MDCCCLVI 1857 = MDCCCLVII 1858 = MDCCCLVIII 1859 = MDCCCLIX 1860 = MDCCCLX 1861 = MDCCCLXI 1862 = MDCCCLXII 1863 = MDCCCLXIII 1864 = MDCCCLXIV 1865 = MDCCCLXV 1866 = MDCCCLXVI 1867 = MDCCCLXVII 1868 = MDCCCLXVIII 1869 = MDCCCLXIX 1870 = MDCCCLXX 1871 = MDCCCLXXI 1872 = MDCCCLXXII 1873 = MDCCCLXXIII 1874 = MDCCCLXXIV 1875 = MDCCCLXXV 1876 = MDCCCLXXVI 1877 = MDCCCLXXVII 1878 = MDCCCLXXVIII 1879 = MDCCCLXXIX 1880 = MDCCCLXXX 1881 = MDCCCLXXXI 1882 = MDCCCLXXXII 1883 = MDCCCLXXXIII 1884 = MDCCCLXXXIV 1885 = MDCCCLXXXV 1886 = MDCCCLXXXVI 1887 = MDCCCLXXXVII 1888 = MDCCCLXXXVIII 1889 = MDCCCLXXXIX 1890 = MDCCCXC 1891 = MDCCCXCI 1892 = MDCCCXCII 1893 = MDCCCXCIII 1894 = MDCCCXCIV 1895 = MDCCCXCV 1896 = MDCCCXCVI 1897 = MDCCCXCVII 1898 = MDCCCXCVIII 1899 = MDCCCXCIX 1900 = MCM or MDCCCC	20th Century 1901 = MCMI 1902 = MCMII 1903 = MCMIII 1904 = MCMIV 1905 = MCMV 1906 = MCMVI 1907 = MCMVII 1908 = MCMVIII 1909 = MCMIX 1910 = MCMX 1911 = MCMXI 1912 = MCMXII 1913 = MCMXIII 1914 = MCMXIV 1915 = MCMXV 1916 = MCMXVI 1917 = MCMXVII 1918 = MCMXVIII 1919 = MCMXIX 1920 = MCMXX 1921 = MCMXXI 1922 = MCMXXII 1923 = MCMXXIII 1924 = MCMXXIV 1925 = MCMXXV 1926 = MCMXXVI 1927 = MCMXXVII 1928 = MCMXXVIII 1929 = MCMXXIX 1930 = MCMXXX 1931 = MCMXXXI 1932 = MCMXXXII 1933 = MCMXXXIII 1934 = MCMXXXIV 1935 = MCMXXXV 1936 = MCMXXXVI 1937 = MCMXXXVII 1938 = MCMXXXVIII 1939 = MCMXXXIX 1940 = MCMXL 1941 = MCMXLI 1942 = MCMXLII 1943 = MCMXLIII 1944 = MCMXLIV 1945 = MCMXLV 1946 = MCMXLVI 1947 = MCMXLVII 1948 = MCMXLVIII 1949 = MCMXLIX 1950 = MCML 1951 = MCMLI 1952 = MCMLII 1953 = MCMLIII 1954 = MCMLIV 1955 = MCMLV 1956 = MCMLVI 1957 = MCMLVII 1958 = MCMLVIII 1959 = MCMLIX 1960 = MCMLX 1961 = MCMLXI 1962 = MCMLXII 1963 = MCMLXIII 1964 = MCMLXIV 1965 = MCMLXV 1966 = MCMLXVI 1967 = MCMLXVII 1968 = MCMLXVIII 1969 = MCMLXIX 1970 = MCMLXX 1971 = MCMLXXI 1972 = MCMLXXII 1973 = MCMLXXIII 1974 = MCMLXXIV 1975 = MCMLXXV 1976 = MCMLXXVI 1977 = MCMLXXVII 1978 = MCMLXXVIII 1979 = MCMLXXIX 1980 = MCMLXXX 1981 = MCMLXXXI 1982 = MCMLXXXII 1983 = MCMLXXXIII 1984 = MCMLXXXIV 1985 = MCMLXXXV 1986 = MCMLXXXVI 1987 = MCMLXXXVII 1988 = MCMLXXXVIII 1989 = MCMLXXXIX 1990 = MCMXC 1991 = MCMXCI 1992 = MCMXCII 1993 = MCMXCIII 1994 = MCMXCIV 1995 = MCMXCV 1996 = MCMXCVI 1997 = MCMXCVII 1998 = MCMXCVIII 1999 = MCMXCIX 2000 = MM



*Abbreviated listing* *for the 21st Century*
21st Century 2001 = MMI 2002 = MMII 2003 = MMIII 2004 = MMIV 2005 = MMV 2006 = MMVI 2007 = MMVII 2008 = MMVIII 2009 = MMIX 2010 = MMX 2011 = MMXI 2012 = MMXII 2013 = MMXIII 2014 = MMXIV 2015 = MMXV 2016 = MMXVI 2017 = MMXVII 2018 = MMXVIII 2019 = MMXIX 2020 = MMXX



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